weiqiang's profile談 精 論 怪 PhotosBlogListsMore Tools Help

Blog


    Watford 1-2 Man Utd

    Giggs, making his 600th United start, pounced on a Matt Spring mistake and rounded keeper Richard Lee before finishing high into the net.

    United had taken the lead on 12 minutes when Louis Saha set up Mikael Silvestre to drive low into the corner.

    But Watford did not roll over and Damien Francis levelled before half-time from Ashley Young's cross.

    It could have been even better for the Hornets had they taken a gilt-edged chance at the start of the second half.

    Darius Henderson stabbed Marlon King's deflected free-kick across goal but neither Francis nor Danny Shittu could finish and Giggs made them pay shortly afterwards as United kept up their 100% start to the season.

    It meant victory for the oldest manager in the Premiership over the top-flight's youngest, but Hornets boss Aidy Boothroyd should be encouraged by his side's battling display.

    United arrived at Vicarage Road in sizzling form, having scored eight goals in their first two games, and it did not take them long to add to that tally.

    Cristiano Ronaldo, booed once again by the opposition fans, might have breached the Watford defence even earlier but saw his header fizz narrowly wide.

    Two minutes later, a crisp passing move ended with Saha providing the perfect ball for the overlapping Silvestre to power a low shot into the far corner.

    Conceding a goal after just 12 minutes did not bode well for the newly-promoted side and they did well to keep the scoreline down as United went for the kill.

    In an intense spell of pressure, stand-in keeper Lee, playing instead of the ineligible Ben Foster, somehow kept out Saha's flicked header.

    Watford were under the cosh and Boothroyd sensibly responded by introducing midfielder Spring in place of winger Hameur Bouazza.

    It had the desired effect and the hosts drew level within four minutes.

    Vicarage Road erupted as Young tricked his way past Silvestre on the right and crossed for Francis to tap in at the far post - his second goal of the season.

    The unlikely scoreline made for a jubilant atmosphere among the home fans at half-time but it did not last long as the hosts quickly learned one of the key lessons of Premiership survival: take your chances.

    Henderson could have scored from King's free-kick but stabbed the ball across goal instead where both Shittu and Francis stood and watched as it rolled to safety.

    Moments later, United were back in front.

    Spring wanted too long on the ball and under pressure from Darren Fletcher, he gave it to skipper Giggs, who sidestepped Lee and swept home.

    Watford fought hard to find an equaliser, but they found clear-cut chances hard to come by.

    Saha should have wrapped it up at the death when he burst through the middle only to shoot straight at Lee, but unlike Watford's earlier miss, it did not prove costly.

    manutd day

    last weekend is specail as there was the openning of the english premier league. it's my first time to listen to the live match radoi programm in english last night with ManUtd Vs Fulham.
    for my first time, it is very hard to catch every move of the match without any virtal image. but every time i heard the player name of ManUtd, i knew there should be chance for MU to catch the ball or organising a wonderful attack. of course, the happies thing is that MU beated FH 5:1 at the end of the match. it is a fatastic beginning of the season for MU. but i hope MU would notice that it's just the start of the long long seaon and Chealse also got 3 points from their first match.
    anyway, it is time to have fun now before the preparatoin for next match.

    LOGIC 謬誤

    兩難推理(False Dilemma)
    錯謬:為多於一個答案的問題提供不足(通常兩個)的選擇,即是隱藏了一些選擇,最典型的表現是非黑即白觀點。
    例子:薩達姆是邪惡的,所以美軍是正義之師。
    解釋:除正邪之爭外,還有邪邪之爭及許多難分正邪的紛爭,所以不能單以薩達姆邪惡便認定美軍正義。

    訴諸無知(From Ignorance)
    錯謬:因為不能否定,所以必然肯定,反之亦然。
    例子:沒有人能證明鬼不存在,那麼鬼肯定存在。
    解釋:總有些事是既不能否定,亦不能肯定的。除了肯定和否定,我們還可以存疑吧!

    滑坡謬誤(Slippery Slope)
    錯謬:不合理使用連串因果關係。
    例子:遲到的學生要判死刑。因為遲到是不用功的表現;將來工作也不勤力;不勤力導致公司損失;公司損失就會倒閉;公司倒閉會使人失業;失業造成家庭問題;家庭問題導致自殺率上升,為了防止自殺率上升,我們應判遲到的學生死刑。
    解釋:滑坡謬誤中假定了連串「可能性」為「必然性」。比方說,遲到是否「必然」是不用功的表現?將來工作又是否「必然」不勤力?答案可想而知。例子雖然誇張,但其實許多時候大家亦會犯相同錯誤而不自知。

    複合問題(Complex Question)
    錯謬:一條問題內包含兩個無關的重點。
    例子:你還有沒有幹那非法勾當?(你有幹非法勾當嗎?是否還有繼續?)
    解釋:簡單的一句提問,其實隱藏了兩個問題。你給予其中一條問題的答案,並不一定和另外一條的一樣。例如你
    有幹非法勾當,但未必等於你還有繼續。

    訴諸勢力(Appeal to Force)
    錯謬:以勢力服人。
    例子:若你不想被解僱,你必須認同公司的製度。
    解釋:這是以工作機會強迫員工認同製度,員工不是依據製度好壞來決定認同與否。

    訴諸憐憫(Appeal to Pity)
    錯謬:以別人的同情心服人。
    例子:希望你接受我這個多月來天天通宵撰寫的建議書。
    解釋:建議書的好壞,不在乎花了多少時間,而是取決於其內容,提出「多月來天天通宵撰寫」隻為搏取同情。

    訴諸結果(Consequences)
    錯謬:以討好或不討好的結果服人。
    例子:你若不聽我的話,我便打你,不準你外出,扣起你的零用。

    訴諸不中肯字詞(Prejudicial Language)
    錯謬:以不中肯的字詞修飾論點。
    例子:凡是愛國的人都會認同訂立國家安全法的必要。

    訴諸大眾(Popularity)
    錯謬:以被廣泛接納為理由服人。
    例子:看!人人都這樣說,還會錯嗎?

    一廂情願(Wishful Thinking)
    錯謬:以自己單方麵想法作為論證根據。
    例子:因為我希望明天在戶外打球,所以明天一定天晴。

    人身攻擊(Attacking the Person)
    錯謬〔一〕:以攻擊發言人代替攻擊其論點(因人廢言)。
    例子   :張廠長反對陳主任增加成本會計部的建議:「你當然說成本會計十分重要,因為你是會計主任。」
    錯謬〔二〕:由回應論點改變為攻擊論點發起人的處境。
    例子   :你竟相信那些草根階層的說話?
    錯謬〔三〕:提出「你也是!」的不恰當反問作論據。
    例子   :父:吸煙對健康不好!兒:為什麼你也吸?

    訴諸權威(Appeal to Authority)
    錯謬〔一〕:訴諸討論的範疇以外的權威人士。
    例子   :經濟學家都認為愛因斯坦的相對論是不可能的。
    錯謬〔二〕:訴諸權威人士的個人意見。
    例子   :羅局長說:「學生是政府的政策下最大得益者,所以學生無權批評領導人」
    解釋   :學生是政府的政策下最大得益者隻是羅局長的說話,事實上學生是否政府的政策下最大得益者,卻沒有一個客觀答案。
    錯謬〔三〕:該範疇的權威人士不是認真的回應。(例如:隻是在開玩笑/喝醉。)
    例子   :「有香車自然有美人,BENZ的總公司董事長都這樣說啦!」


    匿名權威(Anonymous Authority)
    錯謬:匿名的權威人士使人不能確定其權威性。
    例子:有位心理學家曾經說過,每人都有犯罪傾向。

    作風蓋過本體(Style Over Substance)
    錯謬:討論者以作風蓋過事件本身使人認為其論點正確。
    例子:以他一向的對人的態度,他一定不會對你好的。

    輕率的歸納(Hasty Generalization)
    錯謬:用作歸納總體的樣本太少。
    例子:我問了十個人,有九個說反對民主黨。結論:原來九成香港人反對民主黨。
    解釋:單憑十個人論斷香港七百萬人?未免太輕率吧。若說訪問了數萬人,得出來的結果便較有說服力。

    不具代表性的例子(Unrepresentative Sample)
    錯謬:用作歸納的例子不能代表其總體。
    例子:葉繼歡持械行劫;林過雲姦殺多女;歐陽炳強紙盒藏屍。香港人肯定有殺人傾向。

    不當類比(Weak Analogy)
    錯謬:以兩件不相似的事件/事物作類比。
    例子:他對朋友這麼好,對女朋友一定很好呢。

    懶散的歸納(Slothful Induction)
    錯謬:否定歸納得出來的恰當結論。
    例子:即使有萬多個實驗證明化學物質影響我們的感覺,我就是不相信。

    排除證據謬誤(Fallacy of Exclusion)
    錯謬:故意把重要的證據隱藏,以得出不同的結論。
    例子:沒有 = =

    例外(Accident)
    錯謬:以概括情況加諸應有的例外情況。
    例子:政府法例規定,行走此公路的汽車最高時速為七十公裏。所以即使載著快要生產的產婦,亦不可開得快過七十公裏。

    相反的例外(Converse Accident)
    錯謬:以例外情況加諸應有的概括情況。
    例子:我們準許瀕死的病人注射海洛英,基於人人平等,也應讓其他人注射海洛英。

    巧合謬誤(Coincidental Correlation)
    錯謬:以個別情況肯定某種因果關係。
    例子:希希吃了一種藥,出現過敏反應。因此,希希認為這種藥必然導致過敏反應。
    解釋:希希遇到的隻是個別例子,不能因此論斷該藥必然導致過敏反應。

    複合結果(Joint Effect)
    錯謬:當兩件事都為某原因的結果時,以一事為另一事的原因。
    例子:記者報導離鄉背井的戰爭難民中的一家人:「他們因為房子被炮火所毀而逃到這裏。」
    解釋:炮火導致這家人的房子被毀及離鄉逃難;房子被毀並不導致這家人離開原居地。

    無足輕重(Genuine but Insignificant Cause)
    錯謬:舉出無足輕重的次要原因論證,遺漏真正的主因。
    例子:吸煙使香港空氣質素每況愈下。
    解釋:導致香港空氣質素差的主因是交通公具的廢氣和天氣情況。

    倒果為因(Wrong Direction)
    錯謬:顛倒事件的因果關係。
    例子:癌症導致吸煙
    解釋:吸煙才是癌症的原因。

    複合原因(Complex Cause)
    錯謬:隻指出多個原因中的其中一個為事件主因。
    例子:你一日到晚都隻是玩遊戲機而不溫習,難怪你考試成績那麼差。
    解釋:除了玩遊戲機而不溫習外,還有其他原因,例如考試期間一時大意或者試題太難,但它們和玩遊戲機一樣,不一定是主因。

     

     

    乞求/竊取論點(Begging the Question)
    錯謬:以假定正確的論點得出結論。
    例子:我知道有上帝,因為《聖經》是這樣說,而《聖經》是不會錯,因為它是上帝寫的。

    不恰當結論(Irrelevant Conclusion)
    錯謬:提出作支持的論據主要支持其他結論。
    例子:

    稻草人謬誤(Straw Man)
    錯謬:扭曲對方論據以攻擊之。
    例子:進化論說人是由猩猩演化而來。
    解釋:進化論隻是說人和猩猩有共同祖先。

    含糊其辭(Equivocation)
    錯謬:使用有多於一個含義的字眼。
    例子:甲:喇叭中學又發生學生毆鬥事件。乙:噢!是九龍那所嗎?甲:&%^%$&%$#...
    解釋:甲這裏沒有表明是新界喇叭,使乙誤會成九龍的喇叭書院。

    模稜兩可(Amphiboly)
    錯謬:句子結構含多種解釋方法。
    例子:沒有= =

    重音謬誤(Accent)
    錯謬:以重音強調某字眼或字句,達致其他意思。
    例子: 沒有= =

    構成謬誤(Composition)
    錯謬:以總體的某部份符合某條件推斷總體均符合某條件。
    例子:

    分割謬誤(Division)
    錯謬:以總體符合某條件推斷總體的所有部份均符合某條件。
    例子:

    肯定後件(Affirming the Consequent)
    錯謬:所有依此結構的推論:若A則必定B;B,所以便A。
    例子:如果他在中環,他一定在港島。因此如果他現在在港島,他一定在中環。
    解釋:在港島不一定要在中環,可以在金鍾、灣仔、銅鑼灣等。因港島包含了以上各項。

    否定前件(Denying the Antecedent)
    錯謬:所有依此結構的推論:若A則必定B; 非A,所以非B。
    例子:如果他在中環,他一定在港島。因此如果他現在不在中環,那麼他一定不在港島。
    解釋:不在中環,也可以在金鍾、灣仔、銅鑼灣等。因港島包含了以上各項。

    前後矛盾(Inconsistency)
    錯謬:斷言兩件矛盾的事件都正確。
    例子:  神真是偉大...他全知全能呀!A_A

    lost

    it's a four-terrible-week. even though i made up the plan in the first week, but it has been delayed days by days. the time is seens to be quite enough and is worth to killed until the deadline is waiting in front of you.
    the night is going to be finished. the moon is starting to fall down on the other side of the mountain. maybe it's the time to run, for the rest of the life, to catch up the top of the world. so i renew my space to record my works.
    the brain's vacation is off. but i am sure he will be more and more happier with his achievement, standing in the closest place to the moon.